2019-2020 Bushfires

Black Summer 2019-2020

Across Australia, fires raged as the effects of heatwave and prolonged dry conditions created a perfect storm during the period known as Black Summer 2019 to 2020. So intense, numerous, widespread and fast-burning were these fires across Victoria and New South Wales, they were described as ‘megafires’. They caused some of the most extensive damage to ecosystems, forests and public land in generations.

In Victoria, most of the significant fire activity occurred in Gippsland and Hume regions, particularly on the border of New South Wales where fires were burning close by.

Dry lightning strikes in East Gippsland started three fires which grew to the widespread bushfire disaster that burned for months on end.

Elsewhere across the state, challenging and complex fires arose in Plenty Gorge, South Morang, which escalated rapidly and threatened houses in Bundoora. Fires also raged in Budj Bim National Park in the South-West.

Loss and destruction

The 2019–20 Victorian bushfires resulted in the loss of five lives and destroyed more than 400 homes and 6,800 livestock animals. The fires burned more than 1.5 million hectares of public and private land, including 1.39 million hectares of forests and parks, plantations and native timber assets, critical animal habitats and water catchments.

The economic damage to Victoria, estimated to be billions of dollars, hit the tourism sectors hard.

Our Black Summer - CFA stories

The Our Black Summer book, published in June 2023, contains stories and photos of all the major fires that summer in north-east, south-east and south-west Victoria, with first-hand accounts from brigade members about their experiences. Read about the real human impact the events of 2019-2020 had on people and the outstanding sacrifices made by frontline and supporting emergency service workers.

Download "Our Black Summer" (PDF 44MB)

Read more about "Our Black Summer" book launch

Mallacoota - the world watches

In Mallacoota, as holidaygoers and locals were preparing to ring in the new year, mayhem struck. An Emergency Warning was issued for Mallacoota at 4.40pm on 30 December 2019.

With the town cut off from the highway, the Australian Defence Force (ADF) undertook the largest ever domestic maritime evacuation in Mallacoota. Thousands of people were evacuated by boats and by air over several days, as the fires surrounded and threatened to destroy the town.

A few days earlier, a lightning strike had started a fire north-west of Mallacoota at Banana Track and had run rapidly to the coast. Crews defended the perimeter of the township, to protect residential houses, often hamstrung by fallen power lines and exploding gas bottles.

The severity of the fires was unlike anything even the most seasoned firefighter had seen before. It burned ferociously among vegetation with high fuel loads and spread from structure to structure.

At its peak during the first days of January 2020, smoke and haze blocked out the sun and plunged the region into darkness. 4000 people gathered on the Mallacoota foreshore as the fires came closer and 5000 left their homes and sheltered in relief centres. These scenes of the blood red skies, blazing bush and thousands huddling on the shore as they waited to be evacuated astonished people across the world.

The Mallacoota fire destroyed 123 houses, including five owned by CFA members, and 65 sheds. The epic firefighting effort and extensive emergency preparation meant that no lives were lost. However, the event took an enormous financial, physical cand emotional toll on locals and tourists alike. Businesses were lost along with future income and the potential for growth. The Abalone Cooperative building, a major employer in town, was partially destroyed. The region continues to recover, with communities and agencies working together in the weeks and years since the fires.

Mallacoota School and Fireys share special connection

When accommodation was limited, some firefighting crews slept in the classrooms of Mallacoota P-12 College while on deployment. Mallacoota Fire Brigade Captain Rodney Lewis said crews were also put to the test when fire directly threatened the school.

“The fire was in the bush behind the school and it chased the fence line down towards the woodwork room and embers were falling on school buildings. The actual fire front, which was 30 metres tall, was only around 150 metres from the school at the time,” Captain Lewis said.

“We felt we had to protect the school no matter what, and that’s what we did.”

Read more about "Firey figurines honour Mallacoota heroes."

Our volunteers

More than 8,200 CFA staff and volunteers rose to the challenge and responded to the fires in Victoria’s time of need. More than 2280 CFA staff and volunteers had been deployed to fires interstate. Volunteers worked over weeks, even months, to the point of exhaustion, both on the firegrounds and behind the scenes as peer support workers and arranging logistics and supplies.

Many CFA brigades were directly impacted by the raging fires that burned in their local areas, threatening their people, properties, animals and communities. Some lost their own homes and livestock as they fought to save those of others.

Their professionalism, dedication and hard work were recognised the world over, and CFA were inundated with $25.9 million in donations, as well as hundreds of in-kind contributions and well wishes. Find out more in our Annual Report.

Timeline of activities

Summary of the major bushfires in 2019-2020

Page last updated: Monday, 15 June 2026 4:05:11 PM